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一、舉例處

（1）舉例子：句子的作用是為了支持論證作者的觀點，這些例子往往與作者的觀點和結論有很大的關聯，具有重大的意義，因此也成為了考試出題點。這種題目在文章中的線索非常明顯，一般都帶有如下的標志性詞匯：for example、for instance、take … as anexample、as、such as、like 等。舉例子作用通常有三個：第一、證明論點，論點在前；第二、引出話題或得出結論，話題和結論在后；第三、通過對比突出強調事物的某一方面。

【真題回放2011-Text3】

① If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, puttingthe reputation of the target company at risk. ② In such acase, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, andthe learning curve has been steep. ③ Toyota Motor, forexample, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this yearwith a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg.

34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

（2）列舉：所謂列舉是指通過一些表示順承關系的詞語逐項列出一些事實或者觀點，標志性的詞匯包括First、Second、Third…； Firstly、Secondly、Thirdly…Finally; First of all,、Then、In addition、Further、Furthermore、Besides、Moreover… 針對這一考點的題目通常考查文章細節，有時候也涉及對文章內容的推理判斷。出題形式最多的往往是“是非判斷題”。

【真題回放2009-Text3】

The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men ofimpressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or solearned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman,lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There menwrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old Worldaudiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

38. The early ministers and political leaders in MassachusettsBay__________.

[A] were famous in the New World for their writings

[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs

[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

二、因果關系處

因果句通常是作者進行分析或者得出結論的地方。英語句子存在前因后果和前果后因，考生一定要弄清楚誰導致誰。出題者為了考查考生的閱讀能力和邏輯分析能力，經常會把含有因果關系進行顛倒，將“因變成了果、果變成了因”，考生需要注意辨別實際的因果關系，防止混淆。表示因果關系的詞語有：

（1）原因because、because of、so、for、since、as、result from、originate from、derive from;base、basis、reason,、above all、after all等。

【真題回放2007-Text2】

① The defining term ofintelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests arenot given as often as they used to be. ② The test comes primarilyin two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the WechslerIntelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。③ Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usuallygiven only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstoresand the World Wide Web. ④ Superhigh scores like vosSavant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statisticalpopulation distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mentalage by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. ⑤ Otherstandardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT） and theGraduate Record Exam （GRE）， capture themain aspects of IQ tests.

28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high asvos Savant's because

[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.

[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

（2）結果：thus, therefore,consequently, in consequence, as a result; lead to, attribute to, result,consequence, result in, cause等。

【真題回放1997-Text3】

We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use ofsubstances （drugs） is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine tobe sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of asubstance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess willproduce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substancedependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more andmore of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by theappearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance isdiscontinued.

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from________.

[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes

[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment ofdiseases

[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

（3）有時候文章中雖然沒有出現表示因果關系的標志性詞語，但是句與句在邏輯關系上也存在著因果關系，這個時候考生就需要自己進行仔細判斷和推理。

【真題回放2001-Text2】

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide willnarrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in theinterest of business to universalize access — after all, the more peopleonline, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will benetted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrowrather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because theInternet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty thatwe've ever had.

56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it________.

[A] offers economic potentials

[B] can bring foreign funds

[C] can soon wipe out world poverty

[D] connects people all over the world

三、類比比喻處

類比在文中主要有兩種體現方式，一是明喻，即A像B一樣；二是暗喻，說A是B，由于暗喻更加隱蔽，出題人往往趨向于在暗喻內容上出題。考生還要熟記，“借喻或借代”也是出題人常考的地方，例如用“多米諾骨牌”進行借代等。

【真題回放1997-Text1】

The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights ofthe Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to dealwith its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief,others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian MedicalAssociation, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But thetide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population,life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all playedtheir part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to dealwith euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement isgathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

52. When the author says that observers are waiting for thedominoes to start falling, he means ________.

[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards thefuture of euthanasia

[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada andother countries

[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game ofdominoes

[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finallycome to a stop

四、引用處

說明文或者議論文中經常引用他人的觀點來支持論證作者自己的觀點。引文既可以是從正面來支持自己的觀點，也可以是通過駁斥反面觀點從而論證自己的觀點。因此，引文間接地表達了作者自己的觀點，有一定的隱蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出題考查的熱點地區，通常會考查考生的推理能力和對作者態度觀點的判斷能力。具體出現位置往往是第一段的第一句話。

【真題回放2003-Text2】

① To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of amisguided cause is that good people do nothing.” ② One such causenow seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals haverights ruling out their use in research. ③ Scientists need torespond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusingthe public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. ④ Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. ⑤ Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal.

46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to________.

[A] call on scientists to take some actions

[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights

[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research

[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement